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The conquest of the Valcamonica by the Romans, completed in 16 BC, did not involve the bitterness and violence that occurred elsewhere due (at least in part) to the fact that the local Celtic peoples had already absorbed Roman culture, perhaps from the nearby city of Brescia. Recent excavations such as those at Pescarzo have shown that Roman, as well as traditional, materials were to be found in the valley well before the official conquest. The Romans chose the site of Cividate because it conformed to several theoretical prerequisites: the presence of a river, closeness to important trade routes (to Brescia on the left of the river and to Bergamo on the right), the natural protection afforded by hills to the northeast and the south, the availability of flat land and areas suitable for agriculture, and the existence in Val di Scalve, Borno, Bienno and other local sites of mineral resources.
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